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	<title>Talk and Total Communication Services</title>
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	<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com</link>
	<description>Speech, Language, Reading, and Literacy Services of Durham, NC</description>
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		<title>Jane Ball Interviewed for Garner TV</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2012/04/jane-ball-interviewed-for-garner-tv/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2012/04/jane-ball-interviewed-for-garner-tv/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 09 Apr 2012 19:49:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ELF Talk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[In the News]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=628</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Long-time Talk and Total parent, Jane Ball, was interviewed for Garner TV&#8217;s program, Around Town.  Produced monthly for the Town of Garner NC, the show airs on Garner&#8217;s Channel 11, on their website at GarnerNC.gov, and also from their YouTube channel. March&#8217;s edition featured the interview with Ball. The interview, conducted by Mayor Ronnie Williams, [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Civitan Club Shows Appreciation for Special-Education Teachers</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2012/03/civitan-club-shows-appreciation-for-special-education-teachers/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2012/03/civitan-club-shows-appreciation-for-special-education-teachers/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 16 Mar 2012 19:54:35 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>ELF Talk</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gatherings]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中国 (China)]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=609</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dr. Layton recently spoke at the Garner Civitan Club, regarding the special-education needs of children in China. The Garner Civitan Club holds an annual dinner honoring the special-education teachers of the Garner, NC area schools. This year&#8217;s event featured not only Dr. Layton&#8217;s talk, but also a talk given by Talk and Total parent, Jane [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Connecting &#8220;Families to Families&#8221; in China</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2012/03/connecting-families-to-families-in-china/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2012/03/connecting-families-to-families-in-china/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 15 Mar 2012 18:32:58 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中国 (China)]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=596</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The YangAi Parent Club Guangzhou, China, invited a family with a Down syndrome child to visit and meet with families and professionals at their center. The YangAi Parent Club is attempting to connect families to families. Therefore, they invited the Ball family: Douglas, Jane and daughter, Caroline, to visit their center. Plans are underway to [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Children with Down Syndrome: Communication Issues</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/10/children-with-down-syndrome-communication-issues/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/10/children-with-down-syndrome-communication-issues/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 06 Oct 2011 18:53:27 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Publication]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=470</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[I wanted to share an article I wrote about communication issues among children with Down syndrome. It was originally published in the TDSN Newsletter, and it is available on their web site at TriangleDownsyndrome.org. This article discusses the speech, hearing, and language behaviors in these young children. It also discusses several intervention approaches that are [...]]]></description>
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		<item>
		<title>What is the Learning Process?</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/10/what-is-the-learning-process/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/10/what-is-the-learning-process/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 05 Oct 2011 19:00:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=517</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[How do children learn? I have discussed it some in the article, Working with Down Syndrome: Q&#38;A. Now I would like to describe this process further, and how it applies to children with Down syndrome. More of our treatment procedures are also included. All I’m thinking is that I have to get the child to say [...]]]></description>
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		<item>
		<title>Working with Down Syndrome: Q&amp;A</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/10/working-with-down-syndrome-questions/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/10/working-with-down-syndrome-questions/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 04 Oct 2011 20:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=455</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Often we are asked questions about how we provide treatment for children with Down syndrome.  The following is a series of questions and answers to help families, professionals, and educators regarding our approach to working with these children. Question: How can you tell when a child’s oral motor strength is less than other kids? Approximately 40 [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ask the Expert: Executive Function and Children with Down Syndrome</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/07/executive-function-and-children-with-down-syndrome/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/07/executive-function-and-children-with-down-syndrome/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 30 Jul 2011 15:43:14 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=372</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Note: This article originally appeared in the July/August 2011 issue of TDSN News. triangledownsyndrome.org. In the last Newsletter, we introduced play-behaviors and their relationship to cognitive-language development in children with Down syndrome. In this article, we want to expand this concept by introducing a related cognitive function called Executive Function. Although this may appear to [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>唐氏综合症儿童发育量表</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/06/%e5%94%90%e6%b0%8f%e7%bb%bc%e5%90%88%e7%97%87%e5%84%bf%e7%ab%a5%e5%8f%91%e8%82%b2%e9%87%8f%e8%a1%a8/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/06/%e5%94%90%e6%b0%8f%e7%bb%bc%e5%90%88%e7%97%87%e5%84%bf%e7%ab%a5%e5%8f%91%e8%82%b2%e9%87%8f%e8%a1%a8/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 29 Jun 2011 15:17:57 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[中国 (China)]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=344</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[社交和沟通问题 唐氏综合症儿童的生长发育程度是家长们经常关心的一个问题。 家长们在关心他们的孩子能否赶上正常儿童的发育进程的同时， 也很想了解他们的孩子跟其他患有唐氏综合症的孩子相比有何相同和不同。为了能回答家长们的这个问题， 我们建立了此唐氏综合症儿童的发育量表。 该量表提供给家长们正常儿童在儿童，幼儿和学龄前儿童的发育情况， 同时也提供了唐氏综合症儿童的发育情况， 以作为参考。 在这里我们首先要强调的一点是，所有的儿童都是独特的。每一个孩子都是不尽相同的，他们都拥有各自的长处和内在的缺陷， 生长发育速度也不尽相同，。对于正常发育的儿童如此，对于患有唐氏综合症的儿童来说也是一样的。因此，用一个固定的模式来决定唐氏综合症的儿童在特定年龄的发育水平会如何，是相当困难的。儿童的发育在很大程度上还是取决于儿童的疾病和健康状况。例如，听力问题，尤其是中耳病变就很可能会减缓或影响语言表达能力的发展。如果孩子有严重的口肌运动障碍， 通常表达和交流能力都会受影响。其他并发症的存在，例如自闭症的存在，也会影响到儿童的社交和语言交流能力。 因此，当父母为孩子寻求恰当而有效的培训和服务时，一定要把这些问题也都考虑在内。一个儿童在受训时，这些问题以及其他社会、认知、情感和健康问题也都应该被列在考虑范围之内。 唐氏综合症儿童生长发育量表 唐氏综合症患儿的发育量表记录唐氏综合症儿童从出生到六个月的生长发育水平。由于唐氏综合症儿童早期跟后期的生长发育进程不同， 早期时，在各种技能发面都发育更为迅速，尤其是在运动技能和语言技能方面。因此，在最初的四十个月中，每五个月被划为一个发育阶段。之后，40-71个月只被划为两个大的发育阶段41-59和60-71个月。 从出生到5个月 在第一阶段，从出生到5个月，父母会发现有时候孩子能对一个声音作出反应，但在有些时候却不能。原因是这个孩子可能存在中耳积液，造成感音神经性听力损失， 或是因为不能对他周围的环境做出及时的反应。对声音反应的时好时坏的现象在这个年龄段是很常见的。 由于这种原因，唐氏综合症的孩子听到声音时有可能会转向声源，例如，当他们的父母谈话时，他/她的头，可能也会转向父母的脸，但也可能不会。介于以上原因，我们强烈建议，对所有唐氏综合症儿童都应接受听力学评估筛查。 在最初的五个月，患有唐氏综合症的孩子通常很少会发声，这让父母很担心，这同样也是我们很关注的问题。在这个阶段，我们应当注重你和孩子交谈时间并尽可能的多给孩子阅读书籍。只要我们能保障儿童的听力正常和口肌运动能力正常发育，说话能力的发展是个自然的过程。阅读是学习表达、语言和理解的优秀的教学工具，我们发现很多年幼的孩子，即使4 &#8211; 5月大的孩子，都喜欢阅读。因此，在此阶段， 干预的重点是阅读，而不是说话。 6-11个月的儿童 在第二阶段也就是儿童到了6-11个月时，当旁人和他说话时或听到声音时， 会把头转向声源，尤其是对突然响起的声音。这些孩子对父母的提醒或拒绝会有反应，例如像“不行”“不可以”这样的词，但是对于词的真正涵义，他们还没有达到理解的程度。 大多数唐氏综合症的儿童在十个月大以前还不会说丫丫语。丫丫语可以作为儿童将来说话能力的一个重要指标，可以帮助我们预测儿童将来是否在表达能力上会有问题。当然一个孩子不会丫丫语并不等同于他或她将来一定不会说话。这只能作为一个重要的提示，儿童此时需要更多的口腔刺激和语音刺激从而促进以后语言表达能力的发展。 11-15个月的儿童 在这个年龄的孩子已开始明显的表现出对语言的理解。父母通常会报告孩子能够理解大概20个字的意思。他们尝试通过注视着父母、手势或行为动作来跟父母进行沟通。儿童在这个阶段渴望沟通，但控制构音的神经系统尚未发育完全，因而通常还不能很好的讲话。因此，在这个阶段，我们鼓励手语或手势的训练，从而提高儿童的表达能力。儿童此时的口肌运动水平也得到很大的发展，他们现在可以咀嚼半固体食物，吹泡泡，也可以把着东西站起来。这些运动能力的发展预示着孩子即将会说话了。 16-20个月的儿童 在这一阶段,孩子已经能够理解40-60个字了。这孩子现在可以咀嚼固体的食物,用吸管吸水喝, 独站，独走。现在的孩子们喜欢听简单的故事,开始指认物品和图片故事。这些孩子们最感兴趣的是发出声音和尝试重复声音,尤其是动物的声音。不过还不能清晰的说出字词。开始明显的表达情绪，公开表示不满。例如，当玩具被拿走了或者坏了，他/她可能会把它扔在地上。在这一阶段的孩子已经可以明确地选择他所喜爱的玩具，并经常用手势表达他们的要求。 21-25个月的儿童 这一阶段的显著特点是语言理解能力的高度发展。孩子此时已经能够理解许多词的含义,包括理解多种名词、动词、形容词和某些介词的含义。儿童在此阶段很喜欢社交；他们想要与他人交流, 参与家庭活动。交流时， 儿童会注意观察别人的眼神； 别人同他交流时，知道回答； 也会在别人提出要求时，进行一些简单的表演， 重复一些动作。值得注意的是，由于许多孩子此时(例如,大约40%)口肌运动能力发育尚不完善，孩子的饮食、咀嚼、吞咽，及说话能力都会受到影响。一般来说,大多数孩子在这一阶段,还是不会说话的。 26-30个月的儿童 孩子在这个阶段就开始说话了。这时候孩子会说自己的名字、一些动物的名字,会要一些简单的日常物品，如 “奶瓶&#8221;或&#8221;果汁”，并会叫“妈妈”和“爸爸”了。在这一阶段,孩子应该能够清晰的表达大约10-20单词。也能够理解多达150-175不同的单词。孩子能够指出自己的身体部位，如脚趾头, 眼睛, 鼻子, 等等，并能完成一些简单的指令,如“把东西放在椅子上”, 或&#8221;把书收好”。 孩子也喜欢听的简单故事, 无论是通过读书还是口头讲故事。孩子在这个阶段对与他日常生活相关的小故事尤其感兴趣。 儿童如果存在口肌运动障碍，表达和说话能力就明显较差。孩子可能尝试说一些词, 但是通常不很清晰, 甚至只有个别的家庭成员能够理解他们。有时在一句话中可能只有一两个单词是别人能够完全明白的。 31-35个月的儿童 儿童在这一阶段会更善谈，一般都会说出30-80个别人可理解的词，另外还会说一些别人无法理解的词。父母通常会报告这一阶段的孩子会尝试说许多词，尽管他们并不理解这些词的真正含义。孩子现在的词汇量已经提高到250个词左右。这时候孩子能听懂更长的故事，可以长达15-20分钟。他们会说一些口语化的两个单词的组合，并会提出一些简单的问题。经常会问“为什么”。儿童此时通常可以清晰的发出P，M，N，W，H等音。这些儿童的听觉记忆力还很弱，他们对符号和声音的联系能力还很弱，这些都影响到儿童的口语表达能力。 在这一阶段有口肌运动障碍的儿童往往只能发单音词，而且通常只有元音。辅音通常趋向口腔后音，例如，K和G。在发音时，他们在舌尖运动和嘴唇的闭合能力都还还不够发达，这也是这一阶段儿童发音不清晰的一个重要原因。 36-40个月的儿童 [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
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		<item>
		<title>Developmental Scale for Children with Down Syndrome</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/06/developmental-scale-for-children-with-down-syndrome/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/06/developmental-scale-for-children-with-down-syndrome/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 23 Jun 2011 19:44:01 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=323</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Editor&#8217;s note: The accompanying form can be downloaded via the link at the bottom of this post. Social and Communication Issues One of the most frequently asked questions by parents of children with Down syndrome is how their child is doing compared to other children with Down syndrome?  They are curious as to whether their [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Technology Use for Children with Down Syndrome: The iPad</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/technology-use-for-children-with-down-syndrome-the-ipad/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/technology-use-for-children-with-down-syndrome-the-ipad/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 04 May 2011 16:10:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Technology]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://talkandtotal.com/preview/?p=233</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Several families know that we use the Apple iPad with children seen at our Center.  We are being asked what “apps” (i.e., applications) we would recommend and for what age of child.  We would like to start by saying that we have not had our iPad very long since it has only been on the [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/technology-use-for-children-with-down-syndrome-the-ipad/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Juego y Apredizaje</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/juego-y-apredizaje/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/juego-y-apredizaje/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 May 2011 18:50:32 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Autism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Español]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.talkandtotal.com/?p=305</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Tenemos un lema en nuestro Centro: Juego es el modo de aprendizaje del cerebro. Juego permite el cerebro aprender acerca de objetos, eventos y relaciones del mundo del niño. Juego ayuda a desarrollar los conocimientos acerca de las relaciones espaciales causal temporal. Juego también tiene un propósito simbólico donde el niño desarrolla una imaginación, crea [...]]]></description>
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		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
		</item>
		<item>
		<title>Ask The Expert: Play and Learning</title>
		<link>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/play-and-learning/</link>
		<comments>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/play-and-learning/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 02 May 2011 18:17:53 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Dr. Thomas L. Layton</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Autism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Child Development]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Down Syndrome]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://talkandtotal.com/preview/?p=216</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Note: This article originally appeared in the May/June 2011 issue of TDSN News. triangledownsyndrome.org. Leerlo en español. We have a motto at our Center: Play is the Brain’s Way of Learning. Play allows the brain to learn about objects, events, and relationships of the child’s world. Play helps to develop knowledge about spatial-temporal-causal relationships. Play [...]]]></description>
		<wfw:commentRss>http://www.talkandtotal.com/2011/05/play-and-learning/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
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